Iron Lab Report Essay

From my background knowledge, the iron present which is elemental iron in the cornflakes is harder to absorb than either two . This is also supported by the Absorption rate gotten from the results section (table 2,: percentage mass of Fe2+ ) it is seen that the absorption rate of the Fortified cereal is 7. 33% while that of the iron tablet and the beef liver are 15. 23% and 21. 80% respectively. According to Ironrichfood. org, absorption of haeme iron from meat proteins is efficient, and it ranges from 15% to 35%, and is not significantly affected by diet. In contrast, 2% to 20% of nonhaeme iron in plant foods such as rice, maize, black beans, soybeans and wheat is absorbed. Nonhaeme iron absorption is significantly influenced by various food components. The Absorption rate of the Iron in the Iron tablet is lesser than that of the beef liver (as seen in Table. 2) because the iron content in the tablet is less absorbable by the body. This is to say that Natural source of iron are quickly absorbed than artificial source of iron by the body However taking iron supplements sometimes cause side-effects such as constipation, diarrhea or heartburn. Sometimes these supplements are over taken thereby leading to Iron toxicity which occurs on the absorption of excessive quantities of ingested iron. This severe overdose causes impaired oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can result in cellular death. The liver is one of the organs most affected by iron toxicity, but other organs such as the heart, kidneys, lungs, and the hematologic systems also may be impaired. Iron supplements should not be taken along side calcium supplements however taking foliate with iron supplement will provide maximum benefits. Taking supplements although they seem to have side effects are used widely in medicine to iron–deficiency anemia, and it’s also given to pregnant women in their second or third trimester (because the body uses up more than normal to sustain both mother and baby), its usually given with folic acid so to avoid Iron corrosion that occurs due to the damage cells of the duodenum not being able to absorb the iron thereby causing iron overload leading to gastro intestinal corrosion. No justifiable conclusion could be made from these experiment because the results gotten from this experiment were not totally credible as the experiment was prone to a few errors, these errors that could have occurred to bias the results include errors from reading the volume of MnO4 in the burette as the meniscus could not be seen clearly thus we had to look at the top of the liquid which introduced errors, also the air oxygen error, Misjudging the equivalence point, and failure to transfer all the prepared solution for titration. Owing to these errors, are the reasons for any deviation in the result of this experiment, however in the future modifications will be made to reduce or annul these errors, modifications such as: accurately measuring the weights, rightly judging the equivalence point, in general, care should be taken throughout the experiment to reduce possibility of errors.

Level Of Crime Is Increasing And Crimes Are Becoming Violent

Nowadays, it is observed that the level of crime is increasing and is more violent as compared many years ago. There are various factors that lead to this problem and some of them will be discussed and its solution will also be tackled. Nowadays, it is observed that the number of criminality is rising in several countries and is more violent. There are various factors why this is happening and myriad of interventions to solve it. In this essay, I would enumerate some reasons and solutions about it.First of all, the root cause of present crime incidents is drugs. Suspects of heinous crimes like murder and rape are found under the influence of drugs. Even minor individuals are into drug addiction and are tempted to commit crimes in order to satisfy one’s longing. Another factor to the significant increase of crime rates is due to poverty. Many families are suffering from hunger and are struggling from their day to day living.Earning below minimum wage and the various increase in prices of the basic commodities make them uncomfortable and problematic. Due to this fact, they tend to resort to various crimes like stealing, car napping, hold up and even murder just for survival. In order to minimize drug related crimes, the government must implement stricter policy in enforcing the campaign against drug trafficking. Drug lords and dealers must be imprisoned for life and be penalized.In the case of poverty, the government should provide more budget to the Department of Education and even provide subsidized tuition to students of low-earning families. In this manner, these students will have a chance of attaining a degree and will have a much better career in the future that will lift their families from poverty. Thus, this will have a domino effect in decreasing the crime incidents in the community. Therefore, drug addiction and poverty should be primarily addressed by the government to decrease the country’s crime rate.

Feasibility study for creating a furniture business Essay

This feasibility study is unusual and hard to make,,,,,we have to submit it on Tuesday,,,,,, we need to have our conclusion and find information for it,,,,,,,,, 1.history 2.business objectives 3.current situation and problems,  Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating and sleeping. Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground), or to store things. Furniture can be a product of design and is considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture’s functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It can be made from many materials, including metal, plastic, and wood. Furniture can be made using a variety of woodworking joints which often reflect the local culture. Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Neolithic period 1.2 Classical world 1.3 Early modern Europe 1.4 19th century 1.5 Early North American 1.6 Modernism 1.7 Ecodesign 1.8 Contemporary 1.9 Asian history 2 Types of furniture 3 Types of wood to make furniture 4 Standards for design, functionality and safety 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History[edit] Furniture has been a part of the human experience since the development of non-nomadic cultures. Evidence of furniture survives from the Neolithic Period and later in antiquity in the form of paintings, such as the wall  Murals discovered at Pompeii; sculpture, and examples have been excavated in Egypt and found in tombs in Ghiordes, in modern day Turkey. Neolithic period[edit] Skara Brae house Orkney Scotland evidence of home furnishings i.e. a dresser containing shelves. A range of unique stone furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village located in Orkney. The site dates from 3100–2500 BC and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for use within the household. Each house shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important as it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic Carved Stone Balls also found at the site. Classical world[edit] Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BC Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces found here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th-8th-century BC Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BC. Recovered Ancient Egyptian furniture includes 3rd millennium BC beds discovered at Tarkhan as place for the deceased, a c. 2550 BC gilded bed and two chairs from the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, and many examples (boxes, beds, chairs) from c. 1550 to 1200 BC from Thebes. Ancient Greek furniture design beginning in the 2nd millennium BC, including beds and the klismos chair, is preserved not only by extant works, but by images on Greek vases. The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the 79 A.D. eruption of Vesuvius, to the eighteenth century. Early modern Europe[edit] Florentine cassone from the 15th century The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs. Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, often inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general, occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in Great Britain or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe. 19th century[edit] The furniture maker by Ludwig Deutsch The nineteenth century is usually defined by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, Rococo, and the EastHaven Movement. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Aesthetic movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Early North American[edit] This design was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early American chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed with steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as Cherry or Walnut. Modernism[edit] Red and Blue Chair (1917), designed by Gerrit Rietveld The first three-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen as the march towards Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Wiener Werkstà ¤tte, and Vienna Secession designers all worked to some degree within the Modernist idiom. Born from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles came the post WWII â€Å"Mid-Century Modern† style using materials developed during the war including lamenated plywood, plastics and fiberglass. Prime examples include  furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen. Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s by groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes. Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood – Brazil Ecodesign Ecodesign[edit] Great efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each year.[citation needed] Contemporary[edit] One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is Live edge, heralding a return to natural shapes and textures within the home.[1] Asian history[edit] Sendai-dansu for kimono, zelkova wood, note the elaborate ironwork, handles on side for transportation, and lockable compartment Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Pakistan, Indonesia (Bali and Java) and Japan are some of the best known, but places such as Korea, Mongolia, and the countries of South East Asia have unique facets of their own. The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques available generally date back to the Tokugawa era and Meiji era. Types of furniture[edit] Main article: List of furniture types Types of wood to make furniture[edit] Main article: List of woods All different type of woods have unique signature marks, that can help in easy identification of the type. There are hardwoods and softwoods. Both are used in furniture manufacturing, and each have their own specific uses[2] Standards for design, functionality and safety[edit] Universal furniture test-rig for linaer tests, drop tests and swivel tests (Hegewald & Peschke) EN 527 Office furniture – Work tables and desks  EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use EN 1730 Furniture – Tables – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength and durability– withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 1730:2012. All testing methods used in European Standards are now to be found in a single document [3] EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture. Methods for determination of stability of non-domestic storage furniture (British Standard) EN 1335 Office furniture – Office work chair EN 1728 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability– updated in 2012: All testing methods used in European Standards are now to be found in a single document, Clarified and simplified test methods, Includes a static load test for headrests. ANSI/BIFMA X 5.1 Office Seating EN 1335 Office furniture – Office work chair DIN 4551 Office furniture; revolving office chair with adjustable back with or without arm rests, adjustable in height NEN 1812 Furniture standard from the Netherlands EN 747 Furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength and durability GB 28007-2011 Children’s furniture – General technical requirements for children’s furniture designed  and manufactured for children between 3 and 14 years old[4]

Evalutating country risk analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evalutating country risk analysis - Essay Example This inter mix of factors creates a complexity in understanding and application of CRA. (Meldrum: 2000). The measures used for risk evaluation may differ based on the experience and judgement of analysts. These may employ a number of common points initially and then lead to detailed discussion of specific issues affecting a specific sphere of interest. Thus a combination of actual and potential imbalances are calculated to apply to a broad investment category.These decisions are judgemental and hence may have limited universal application across the board. (Meldrum: 2000). Broadly the measures applied by the Political Risk Services' International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) for CRA include political, economic and financial risk. The ICRG also calculates a composite risk which is generally evolved from these base indices. A final measure which some analysts examine with reference to CRA is Institutional Investor's country credit ratings. Thus it would be seen that information is defined in a number of ways. (Erb.Harvey.Tadas:1996). Another problem in CRA is limited availability of historical data in emerging economies. This increases the uncertainty of future prediction. (Damodaran: 2004). Since risk implies identification of a well defined event from a large number of observations which is amenable to probability analysis, lack of the same results in basing CRA on uncertainy. (Meldrum: 2000). Thus analysts tend to construct the risk based on judgmental factors rather than probabilistic criteria. CRA ratings which are easily accessible are by ratings age ncies which measure default risk and equity risk which is generally derived. (Damodaran: 2003). These differing perspectives necessitate the need to evolve systematic methodologies for CRA. Impact of Differing Geographical and Time Perspectives Risks between countries can vary due to national differences in economy, policy, geography, currency and a host of socio-political factors. For example comparing the period in Romania in the pre and post Cold War era uniformly is likely to result in totally varied results. However many times risk analysts tend to use uniform criteria to assess country risks beyond time as well as situations differential faced in making such an assessment. While inclusive country risk measures are correlated with each other, for higher returns risk analysts recommend value-oriented strategies across the board which may create anomalies. (Erb.Harvey.Tadas:1996). Thus factors which are common for all countries need to be identified. Application of financial risk measures is likely to be done uniformly evolving information of future expected returns and political risk criteria are likely to be ignored. (Erb.Harvey.Tadas:1996). This is supported by evidence from ICRG composite, financial and economic ratings, which appear standardised. (Erb.Harvey.Tadas:1996). While economic factors are also evolving the real challenge is to assess the political risk particularly in emerging economies as Romania. Problems of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods CRA include a mix of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Some as the Bank of America World Information Services is based exclusively on quantitative information while the Institutional Investor is a qualitative survey based on opinions of banking professionals taking a number of non quantitative factors

Literature Review on Usability Testing on Academic Electronic Medical Coursework

Literature Review on Usability Testing on Academic Electronic Medical Record Systems - Coursework Example This can be disastrous for patients to the extent of causing avoidable deaths. Users of electronic medical systems are practitioners in the medical field and users of academic medical record systems are those who are being prepared through learning to become qualified and full users of electronic medical records systems. As a result, earlier application usability testing on academic medical records stands to eliminate or minimize errors associated with usability of electronic medical record systems. Implementing usability testing on academic medical records systems creates an environment whereby the health care services practitioners understand electronic medical systems earlier and are adequately prepared for the challenge (s) before them. Academic electronic medical records systems do not have much coverage as relate to usability testing but there is an abundance of literature on usability of electronic medical records systems. An academic application of electronic medical records system is very important in enhancing the knowledge and skills of the medical student for the actual task ahead. Amidst all of the debate revolving around product functions, features, and which product is appropriate for which practice setting, one very important aspect that require to be examined is usability. Usability of a product depends on the combination of its functionality, features, visual appeal as well as the usefulness (Emanuel, et al., 2008). A product must be oriented to the context it applies, and it must take into account the characteristics of its users. Generally, electronic medical records are used for handling medical information vital for patient care and enhance the efficiency as well as accessibility of that information. The same purpose is maintained in academic electronic medical records systems only that it will incorporate those training to become actual users in the future. The importance of testing for usability of academic medical records (EMR) system S tudies on the importance of testing usability of an EMR system, involves examining the role of usability testing as concerns evaluation of an EMR system, identification issues with usability by both beginners and more experienced system users, and effect on efficiency and satisfaction of its users (Corrao, Robinson, Swiernik, & Naeim, 2010). Academic practitioner literatures are confronted with both failed and successful implementations of EMR system. Setting up of EMR systems is always accompanied by technical, economic, organizational and cultural challenges. These studies conclude that apart from reviewing content and features of an EMR system, usability testing has the potential of improving chances of an EMR design being integrated with current workflow and process of business in a clear, transparent and efficient manner. In these studies 90% and above of issues and recommendations for rectification identified by beginners have been found to be credible. However, an interesting finding is that a majority of the users experienced in using previously implemented systems that have not been subject to amplified usability testing, had a higher level of dissatisfaction with efficiency as well as overall functionality but higher general satisfaction than expected. This underscores the importance of testing usability in academic EMR systems. Literature on academic EMR sys

The Search for Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Search for Success - Essay Example There are diverse notions of how success is realized. To a family man, it is being able to provide well for his family and seeing his children accomplish their goals in life. To a hardworking man, it is reaching the top of the business ladder and being able to tell himself that he has been an integral part of the industry that he has devoted himself to. To an advocate, it is completing what he has set out to do and knowing that he has made a difference in the lives of people through his passion. To an artist, it is being able to produce a piece or body of work which immortalizes his name in the eyes of the world. To most people, to be able to affirm their success is to have the amalgamation of all these and more.â€Å"The height of my goals will not hold me in awe though I may stumble often before they are reached. If I stumble I will rise and my falls will not concern me for all men must stumble often to reach the hearth† (Mandino, p.93). More than anything, it is man’ s perseverance to achieve his success which determines a person’s character. His persistence to reach his goals even if there are hindrances along the way is the primary indication of who he truly is. There may be things that pull one away from getting closer to success and his perceived happiness but the determination to keep on going is what determines success from  failure.

Ethics Exam 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics Exam 2 - Article Example Thus, first an individual needs to identify the harm a particular scenario may do to the majority population of the society. In order to identify the harm, one needs to identify what the majority of the society perceives regarding the issue and whether there is an agreement on the issue impacting the majority in a negative manner. Once it has been established that an issue may have consequences associated with it for the majority of the population, an individual needs to look at the various solutions that are available to solve the problem. Once solutions have been identified, a cost and benefit of all the solutions need to be conducted. This is a significant step in order to identify which solution will have lesser consequences and more benefits for the overall society. This step will help in ensuring that only that solution is implemented which benefits the major population of the society. 2. An ethical leader needs to have good communication skills in the area of communicating ethical values and guidelines of the organization. He/she needs to encourage his/her followers to focus on the interests of the organization. Ethical leaders even need to indulge in successes planning in order to ensure that there are other ethical leaders within his/her ranks and in future the organization will have ethical leaders to continue to promote and adopt the ethical values of the organization (Lewis 138). Ethical leaders need to be able to exhibit the connection of operating within ethical guidelines and how these guidelines help in the attainment of organization’s aims and objectives. Ethical leaders even need to ensure that they do as they preach. If they are preaching ethical values, then they need to abide by them and take strong and difficult decisions in times when the ethical values of the organization are being compromised. For example an organization may have a zero t olerance policy towards sexual

Fashion and Utopia-Ann-Sofie Back Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fashion and Utopia-Ann-Sofie Back - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Utopia-Ann-Sofie Back" analyzes the concept of the fashion by Ann-Sofie Back. The concept of fashion in Paris is no longer popular and this has essentially given rise to a genre of anti-fashion, which refers to the beginning of something new. The relationship between the â€Å"fashion-creator and imitator† is undergoing change and instead of the common people on the street following the designs of haute couture, the pattern is almost the reverse, fashion flows from the street to the â€Å"salons of haute couture† where the adoption and imitation take place. The public follows the fashion trend, which flows, from the characteristics defined by their sub-cultures. The avant-garde essence of fashion comes form the notion of â€Å"fashion beyond fashion† which creates fashion out of non-fashionable components. From 1980s onwards the period of fashion creators are coming to an end and the designers favor something, which lie outside the traditio nal fashion trends. This also implies that fashion no more creates or enhance the divide between economic classes or age groups and genders. In fact, â€Å"nothing could be more out of date than to clothe oneself as â€Å"woman†, as â€Å"man† or as â€Å"lady† . This avant-garde fashion is innovative and anti-idealistic in nature, which looks forward to give new shape to beauty and perfection. The modern avant-garde derives the basics from the old one especially in terms of going against the classical definition of fashion, popularized as haute couture.

Managing Poor performance at the hospital( case study) Essay

Managing Poor performance at the hospital( case study) - Essay Example 32). This council helps implement government and healthcare practice standards mandated by the different healthcare professions involved in ensuring quality healthcare practice. The health professionals have a professional responsibility to deliver the best quality of care to the patients. These responsibilities, when delivered well, will reflect on standards of care achieved by the department and consequently reflect on the services offered by the hospital where the patient is being cared for. Managing poor performance in health professionals rendering care in hospitals is a difficult task for health managers who are left with the challenge of evaluating the causes of poor performance in the staff member/s and the possible solutions that may be implemented in order to minimize impact of poor performance on the department’s overall status. This case study will attempt to assess poor performance of a staff member in a sleep apnoea lab, and come up with possible management practices in dealing with poor performance in the delivery of healthcare services. About two years ago, while working as a respiratory therapist in a specialist hospital, the hospital management decided to open a sleep apnoea laboratory. The plan of the hospital was to have the lab be managed by the respiratory department. The head of the department, Aziz (not his real name) called for a meeting on this matter. We then discussed what would be needed in order to have the lab run smoothly and effectively. We decided that all staff members would take an in-service training on the machine that will be used in the lab. We trained under Dr. Mohammad in order to be competent in managing the machine and the lab in general. It took three months for the entire staff to train in the use of the machine and another month for the machine to be installed in the unit. Aziz discussed that a rotation timetable would be used in order to give everybody a chance to handle the

Investigate one local firm that employs electrical or computer Essay

Investigate one local firm that employs electrical or computer engineers - Essay Example Organization structure or the functional areas determines how the various departments and the employees interact in order to achieve organization goals (Feigenbaum, E. 2012).At Super micro Computer, Inc, the structure is mainly focused on achieving leadership in its products as clearly defined by its First-to-market, quality and customer satisfaction principles. The organization ensures that it achieves leadership and excellent customer tailored solutions through cross functional groups, supplier partnerships, and continuous improvement programs such as internationally recognized standards (ISO9001 & ISO14001). Under engineering department, Computer Systems Engineers are involved in among other things: Monitoring and running tests on the products, develop software and hardware solutions to meet customer needs, trouble shoot and solve computer systems related problems, create, record and review design processes, test processes and quality benchmarks. Engineers are also involved in: Inspecting, rating, upgrading and adjusting systems. They also perform tests on systems for use in new areas and maintenance of all necessary information records on activities. In the Server Production/Test Engineers sections some of their duties include: Run testing and repair specification needs of servers in the production design, ensure quality maintenance on all application frameworks (ECO) and that any repeat work is done to meet market benchmarks. In addition, Engineers follow laid down procedures in testing and overseeing work, maintain and facilitate secure and conducive work arrangements, meet all daily and monthly set orders and assemble all accessory parts such as sockets, DVD drives and wire/cable. Beside these duties, an engineer could be called to perform system maintenance and may act as a technical resource person for infrastructure form time to time. Super micro Computer, Inc has been in operation for about eighteen

The new atkins diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The new atkins diet - Essay Example The diet allows for portion control and an explanation of how the restriction of carbohydrates can be beneficial to people. There is evidence that restricting carbohydrates can be beneficial to those looking to lose weight, with further evidence that restricted carbohydrates can help with diseases such as those involving seizures, Alzheimer’s or type 2 diabetes. Restricting carbohydrates, however, can be seen as restricting the body from some of the food items needed to have a balanced diet. The consideration of the New Atkins Diet is controversial and is likely not a good recommendation for a patient in search of healthy weight control. One of the first things that the writers of the New Atkins Diet state is that the diet was once a fad, but has been proven medically safe for those needing to lose weight (Westman, Phinney and Volek 2010, p. x). Westman, Phinney, and Volek (2010, p. xi) also go on to describe the benefits of low carbohydrate diets to the management of Alzheimer’s, autism, Lou Gehrig’s disease, and brain tumours. The authors do go on to say that there are a great many people, both medical professionals and layman, who do not believe that the Atkin’s form of eating is healthy or practical, but in pursuing their goals to fight obesity, they believe that the once ‘fad’ diet has the potential to revolutionize the lifestyles of those who adhere to their concepts. Looking at the framework within which the eating style is based can begin to reveal whether or not the diet is valuable as a tool for weight loss. Figure 1 is a diagram pyramid that shows how foods should be cons idered in a low carb diet. As the food lifestyle is explained, it is clear that the hope for this version is to make the consumer understand that the diet is not about eating nothing but â€Å"beef, bacon, and butter† (Westman, Phinney, and Volek 2010, p. xv). In Dr. Atkins book of 2002 which further explored his theories on weight loss, the diet is

Confrontational level Essay Example for Free

Confrontational level Essay Shown by Helens sheer lack of thought for her daughter Jo, she has no consideration for her feelings. She continually ensures the suppression of her daughter and at one stage has the audacity to express this on a confrontational level. I have to consider something far more important than your feelings.(Pg 1)  This is further confirmation of Helens severe disrespect and heartlessness towards her daughter. An attitude which stemmed from her initial rejection to motherhood and forthcoming child. She blames Jo for her divorce-her birth being the event that revealed Helens unfaithfulness to the husband she described as a retard. In my judgement, she has not learnt to handle her problems and take full responsibility for her immoral doings. This has proven very costly in both her and her daughters lives. Cathies mothers consideration for her can be described as the other end of the extreme. Her calm, quiet approach to the situation reveals how valuable she sees their relationship; enough not to be damaged in a way that Helen made possible.  The fact that Helen doesnt know much about her daughter and Cathies mother feels she knows her daughter is of significance in their relationship. Helens reaction to Jos personal drawings was one of shock, yet pleasant surprise. I didnt realise I had such a talented daughter.  This demonstrates not only the fact that she hasnt spent quality time learning and bonding with her daughter, but the sad reality that Helen hasnt desired to. Prior to the above quote, Helen implied that she expected her daughter to tell her everything about herself she has a right to know.  I thought you said you werent good at anything  Here, we see that Helen has just taken Jos word for the matter; she has simply accepted it and not bothered to know otherwise.  The fact that some daughters are able to talk to their mothers about boyfriends/relationships shows the closer friendship a mother and daughter can share. Helen didnt know whether or not Jo ad a boyfriend, and this mirrors the lack of confidence Jo has in Helen as a Mother, let alone a friend. Helen doesnt seem to possess A Mothers Fondness the built-in, unconditional, love and interest a Mother has in the welfare of their child. On the other hand, Cathies mother feels that she knows her child all too well. She is confident that her daughter wouldnt understand her if she showed she was angry:   I knew that she would not see my anger, as love for her  The Mothers maternal instincts lead her to believe something was not right when her daughter didnt arrive home on time. This shows that Cathie is respectful of her Mothers wishes to be home on time. Her mother is familiar with her character and feels she knows her. She says:  she would have poured to tell me if she was going away anywhere.  When each Mother-daughter relationship begins to encounter difficulty, the Mothers react differently. Cathies Mum blames herself for her daughters behaviour. She is fully aware of her parental responsibilities/duties. She knows that her actions have a deep impact on her daughter and their relationship status. I had failedit was my fault she was as she was. I had brought myself pain.  The Mother distinguishes the problem and wants to make amends to their estranged relationship. She does her best to prevent yet another hurtful row and keeps silent; praying it wont happen again.  Helen however, (as mentioned previously) doesnt spare a single thought for her daughters feelings. She quite willingly expresses her thoughts and emotions in a rude and obnoxious manner and openly declares that she is not responsible for her daughter or their situation.  Have I ever laid claim to being a proper mother.  This quote shows that she is not hypocritical about herself, which in a way is a good thing. However, there is nothing positive about Helens approach to motherhood. Unlike Cathies Mother who blames herself, Helen points her finger at Jo:  Its your fault In act__scene__, Helen attempts to justify her reasons for neglecting Jo.  QUOT   The way in which the daughters are portrayed in the text differ in that so much sympathy is evoked in the audience for Jo. She has had to live her life and grow up without a true Mother. She has not had someone to look up to, someone to show her love and be a backbone, especially during the time of adolescence. The atmosphere at the flat is one of hopelessness, tension and distress, which is why we feek sirr for her. SETTING ON STAGE In A Mothers Fondness we sympathise with the Mother as she cares so much for her daughter who feels as if she doesnt.  Despite the many differences in each mother-daughter relationship, there are also many similarities. One of which is the way both daughters use some form of escapism to avoid facing up to their problems. When Cathie learned that her mum had been everywhere looking for her, she asked her friend Elaine if she could stay and not return home. She had missed two busses and expected that her mum would be very upset with her. She would be furiousThis meant another row.  Elaine, I dont want to go home. Cant I stay here?  It is evident from this quote that Cathie would rather remain with her friend, away from home and the prospect of another argument with her mother. This teaches the audience that the disagreements she had with her mother were emotionally very damaging she couldnt bear another instance wherein she and her mother were on bad terms.  Unlike Cathie, Jo recites nursery rhymes for fun with Geoff. This can be read into and analysed in a psychological sense: the nursery rhymes bring her laughter, which aids in transporting her to the childhood she never enjoyed. You look like a spratt. Jack Spratt, whod eat no fat, his wife would eat no lean and so between then both, you see, they licked the platter clean. Did u enjoy that dramatic recitation? (pg51)  Her question at the end prompts a positive response from Geoff who doesnt want to deflate her cheerful mood. She encourages that he joins in, wanting someone to play with as it were.  You say one We can imagine that this was said with a happy expectant look upon her face. Geoff then proceeds to recite another rhyme and upon completion, she expresses how much she enjoyed it: I like that. Do you know any more?  Jo is keen that this playful, childlike interaction between them continues. She gets much more out of it than would any other average person. The fun factor and distraction nursery rhymes brought about were doing her good she was not dwelling upon thoughts of her broken family.  Both Jo and Cathie feel as though they are not receiving enough care and attention they want to feel loved. This is another similarity found in each relationship. During the car journey Cathie and her mother made home, they remained silent (as previously highlighted). Though most other teens resent the fact that in the same situation, their mums would talk endlessly about how worried they were and so on, Cathie would rather that was the case. I was angryshe was acting as if nothing had happenedShe simply didnt care about me  In any relationship, it is important that there is balance between certain factors. Cathie and her mum are at one end of the extreme maintaining their silence no fuss. This is the absolute opposite to Jo and Helen who are at the other end of the extreme.  In Jos case, she threatens to jump out of the window in order to determine whether or not Helen cares about her. She wants to hear someone does actually care for her. Her desperation and longing for love is made evident in her dramatic actions. Jo is aware that the concept of actions speaking louder than words is never going to be a reality for her. Therefore she resorts to grabbing any ounce of love Helen had to offer her even it was mere words. This attention seeking is to be expected from Jo, as Helen never really gave Jo a mothers love. We can be certain that a lack of communication is common within each relationship. Weve seen how Cathies mother found it difficult to express her upset to her daughter and visa versa. We also know that the effects of this were negative: Cathie felt that her mother didnt care for her, and her mother felt that Cathie hated her. The two of them are alike in that they pretend that everything is ok between them when there are clearly important issues to be tackled and discussed. It is important that each mother and daughter feel they can talk to each other on a mature and serious level. At times, we see Jo making attempts to do so. However, Helen does not respond to this very well and is constantly changing the subject showing her inability to listen to her daughter.

Nationalisation of Royal Bank of Scotland

Nationalisation of Royal Bank of Scotland Purpose The purpose of this report is to discuss the change in Royal Bank of Scotland indicated by the companys nationalization in 2008. Shareholders lost the most part of the company in favour of the government and management of the bank had to be changed. The purpose will be fulfilled by analyzing the process of nationalization and its implications for RBS. Theoretical literature provides a lot of models of change management and strategic management. For example, Ansoff (1987) model suggests four quadrants of strategy. Companies can grow by penetrating the market and winning larger market share while competitors share will shrink. Firms can also develop their key products which are their strength and this will be a strategy for expansion. The third Ansoffs (1987) strategy would be to diversify the products and operations to achieve growth. Finally, the company can choose to pursue market development which is entering new geographical areas or new niches that will help generate higher revenue. The case of RBS represents this final model of market development. The banks pursued the new market of mortgage backed securities in the US through acquisition of ABN Amro. This strategy appeared to be unsuccessful and led the bank into a position where accounting losses reached tremendous value of over 30 billion pounds in 2008 and led to national ization of the bank by the UK government. Company Overview Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc is a banking corporation with its branch Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) that is spread around United Kingdom with almost 700 sub-branches, located in Scotland, England and Wales and is one of the largest banks in UK. It was founded in 1727 and is the first bank introducing overdraft availability to its clients. Since its foundation, RBS expanded greatly, with big number of acquisition deals, such as its acquisition of NatWest Group in 2000, First Active (Ireland), Charter One (USA) , Churchill Insurance (UK) and ABN Amro (Netherlands) in 2007 (House of Commons Treasury Committee, 2008). The Royal Bank of Scotland still uses a privilege of printing its own banknotes. Until 2009, it was one of the main shareholders of the Bank of China, but had to sell its shares after the global financial crisis impact. RSB is still in the list of worlds largest banks, being on 6th position in 2003, 10th in 2007 and 19th in 2008 (Financial Ranks Online, 2009). Financial performance of RBS was changing in the last years. In 2005 group operating profit rose by 16%, with total dividend for the year increase by 25%, with capital and earnings increase. During 2006, RBS showed great results and continuing growth, with increased dividends by 25% with total income growth by 10%. With unstable position in the market and in global financial system, RBS had some problems, but managers were working toward control of the situation, however growth of the operating profit decreased by 9%, earnings per share by 18% and return on equity 19.9%. The company faced big net losses of around 7.9 billion pounds. In the 2009 bank entered hard times with reorganization in management field and in structure. (RBS Annual Report, 2005-2009). Due to changing situation in the global economy, in 2008 Royal Bank of Scotland announced its greatest loss in the banks history with the amount of 692 million pounds that was connected to unhealthy loans and 71 billion pounds as a result of incorrect deal of acquiring ABN Amro (Bradley, 2009). Prior to the global financial crisis RBS have had great profit margins and was a respected brand with long history. And it is necessary to mention that the bank was at great position in terms of facing crisis, with little impact until the decision of getting ABN Amro, which brought various problems. In 2008-2009 UK citizens were under shock of the fact that one of the largest UK banking system representatives had incredible losses and unpredictable future. At this position RBS had one way to survive seek government support. However not all UK banks suffered from consequences of global financial crisis, which can be connected with accurate and carefully planned management strategy. RBS have got some capital of about 2 billion pounds from selling its share in Bank of China and after giving up part of Linea Directa, a Spanish insurance company for about 4.5 billion pounds. However, it did not help to make a radical change of the situation (Bradley, 2009). According to Hester, current Chief Executive of the RBS Group (2009), great losses of the Group had nothing to do with management of businesses as their performance was profitable. However problems appeared mainly in two divisions Global Banking Markets and Asia Retail Commercial Banking. Their profits were crushed by market and credit losses, within fast changes in the economic conditions. At the same time top managers of the Royal Bank of Scotland were facing risks of acquisition and had limited time to make decisions. Global financial crisis had its impact in different countries, affecting economies and markets especially in terms of exchange rates. Here, decrease in sterling exchange rate had an influence on further performance of the bank and changing market position intensified the situation (Hester, 2009). In spite of the fact that financial situation became critical for many banks, RBS was still having serious and stable business. Top management was taking steps to recover from crisis consequences, in order to return capital and provide stable ground for future operation such steps included applying to government support. The strategic plan for recovery was supposed to be finished in 2009, meanwhile the focus is on long-term customer franchises, quality and profitability. Royal Bank of Scotland can be an example of the fact that in terms of global financial crisis even big and powerful organisations can face danger. It is the biggest UK company that suffered from the global economic crash. Today it is still far from recovery, having bad loans and loss before tax in the beginning of 2009 was around 44 million pounds. From the forecasts, 2009 and 2010 will still be challenging for the RBS with main focus on debt returns. Now, after current management revision, directors of RBS are more confident of future recovery and success (The Telegraph, May 2009). New Chief Executive supports the position that management must stay calm and take steps for a slow but effective recovery, rather than fast and wasting strategies in order to save more that to spend (Murchie, 2009). However, human resource management of the bank is not so confident and planning to shorten around 9000 jobs, which is about 20%. It is believed that this action will help to decrease costs of around 3 billion dollars (Global Crisis News, 2009). Moreover, RBS represented the worst results in the market, being at the bottom of banking sector in September 2009 (Frei, 2009). Aspects of Nationalisation According to Encyclopedia Britannica, nationalisation is â€Å"alteration or assumption of control or ownership of private property by the state† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) with several variations in the types and motives. Nationalisation usually appears through assets or shares taken over, and this can help the company to continue its business but under control of the government. If the company is nationalised by government it can continue to produce and operate, getting some revenue and have some returns on shares. Usually this process is followed by structural reorganisation, including traditional administrative strategy and style of control (Backhaus and Wagner, 2004). As a fact, nationalisation can come in the form of expropriation, if the previous owners do not get compensation for the business and in the form of rescue tool or governmental support. Not every company can get such support; it is usually a privilege of the companies and corporations that have national importance and heritage. There is a number of examples in the UK history of nationalisation, which helped to reorganise the structure of the company as well as to get financial support (Floud and McCloskey, 1994). It is believed that nationalisation started in the UK in 1908 after the establishment of Port of London Authority with the necessity of production control (Beardshaw and Ross, 2001). Some researches mention negative effects of nationalisation, pointing that it can damage economy and banking sector. One of the problems is decreasing competitiveness, especially in banking sector (Lee, 2007). Also, financial institutions and government avoid participating in management as it can lead to further recalls of nationalisation. And when the company fails to use management as an appropriate tool, the chance of mistake gets bigger with a cause of future nationalisation (Cuthbert and Dobbins, 1980). Mainly, nationalisation has political or economic aspects and motives. When government has power to control specific corporations and their production as well as financial position, it can use the company as an instrument to correct economy. In addition, government can provide more accurate and efficient capital and assets diversification. If the company is fully nationalised, government becomes the owner of the business and has to deal with its problems and debts. Nationalisation is connected to economy, here in order to have more attractive economy, government trying to stabilise financial system through bad assets escape. There are still debates around the necessity of nationalisation and its problems. On the other hand, there is a view that this process must have temporary term, and government acts more as guardian of the company or bank for the hard period. However, one must consider that the process of nationalisation must be done correctly and carefully, with revision of all advantages and disadvantages (Richardson, 2009). Looking at the advantages of the nationalisation first comes its ability to save the company or in our case the bank from heavy and senseless assets, which were collected over the time and are representing thread of bankruptcy. This will include separation such assets from the business allowing operating more efficiently. Unnecessary assets then can be put for sale or managed by another organisation and the bank, free from problematic sectors can continues to operate. In addition, nationalization can help to restructure top management, getting rid of dilettantish approach of operating the business (Richardson, 2009). RBS is also supporting this fact and according to Montia (2009), is now selling some of its asset management business with managed capital of 30 billion pounds. In addition, it is possible that RBS will have to sell more of its business and even at the very low price that is now at the market. It is also a part of the Chief Executives recovery plan for the RBS to separa te troubled divisions from working ones with further selling of non-core parts of the business (Bradley, 2009). Without considering the advantage of nationalisation, government can continue to give money support to the banks that are big and important for the economy, but this can create the situation, where nothing will be changed and achieved. Government support can give a privilege of a competitive advantage, for example, Northern Rock could cut its prices in mortgages and insurance and attract new customers. Among disadvantages of nationalisation is management problem. In reality it is very difficult to find right and appropriate human capital for each bank in order to manage them properly. Still there will be a chance of risks regarding new borrowings, credits and market position. And these risks are now to be taken by the owner. Again the problem of unnecessary assets appears and banks need to get rid of then, basically on very low prices. In this situation market will have clear advantages of nationalisation, while banks will suffer. In addition, nationalisation is very challenging to the government. It must find labor force and money to finance the process. Future performance of the company also depends on who will be in charge could be government itself or another managing company (Richardson, 2009). In order to avoid afterward problems, other options and decisions must be revised before the final decision of nationalisation. The company must stay efficient and respond to the market and global changes in time. Management must stay open and react quickly in order to avoid critical point. Change Process: Nationalisation of RBS In the beginning it is important to discuss global economic situation which caused problems in RBS and necessity of taking radical directions, including nationalisation. UK banking sector was under pressure of economic crisis 2006-2009 and is still recovering. It all started from the US sub-prime mortgage crisis and reached the rest of the world at the beginning of 2007 with increasing debts. Most of all crisis hit banking sector, central banks and international banks worldwide. As a result the Bank of England had to decrease interest rates, and all banks were under risk of failure (Rayner, 2008). Current crisis was named the worst for the last 75 years with negative effects on many types of businesses and customers expectations (Altman, 2009). During this time period management was facing great challenges, especially risk management. In addition, it is obvious from current crisis practice that risk management can help to win the race and using various models and strategies matters (Varma, 2009). Spreading from United Stated over Europe and UK crisis attacked banking sector. UKs economy is connected to the US through trade and loans and borrowings. As a result of the continuing bankruptcy of banks, some tried to avoid it through help request from government. The first bank that was fully nationalised in UK is Northern Rock, followed by the Lloyds Banking Group with partial control from the government. Some researchers put nationalisation under meaning of rescue, and as a fact not all banks or companies were getting such rescuing package from the UK government. In the case of Northern Rock, decision was made according to the point that this bank is special and its failure can cause growing instability in the UK banking sector (Tomasic, 2008). This also can be true about the Royal Bank of Scotland as it is bank with great history, representing Scottish nation as part of Britain, with its own printed banknotes and heritage. In spite of the fact that many banks across the world were put into critical situation, having choices of selling just assets or banks itself, not many were rescued (Woods, Humphrey, Dowd, Liu, 2009). In the report of the House of Commons Treasury Committee (April, 2008) it is discussed that in October 2008 RBS introduced new plan of rescue with capital amount of 20 billion pounds, however, shareholders were getting unattractive returns and government had to rescue RBS through acquisition of major part of its shares. At that time point nationalisation was inevitable in relation to future life of the RBS. Looking at the managerial problems that caused such consequences it can be pointed that RBSs top management along with its prior Chief Executive, Sir Fred Goodwin was taking over optimistic decisions as well as misunderstanding of the critical situation. Wrong decisions were made due to fast process of the economic worsening in UK and globally. According to Hester, RBS was suffering from great downturn due to prior decisions. In addition wrong risk management strategies that were adopted at that time made even worse, in particular control issues. It seems that RBS had a great balance sheet for a long time period and was not prepared for immediate change. In 2007, RBS made a crucial decision of taking over ABN Amro bank, in cooperation with Fortis and Santander banks, this resulted in RBSs independence of private organization. Acquisition of the ABN Amro was a wrong step to take in the thread of economic crisis which made RBS unable to finish its strategic plan. Newly formed group was defenseless in the worsening situation of market changes (House of Commons Treasury Committee, 2008). The step of huge expenditure, acquiring ABN Amro in wrong time, could have been avoided by managers of RBS. Even more, loss of around 72 billion Euros intensified critical situation. Managerial decisions of this acquisition were made without disclose of credit and asset problems in ABN Amro prior to the deal. In addition, this decision was influenced by shareholders, here 94.5% of them agreed on acquisition and it may appear that they pressed top management to finish the deal. However, RBS directors and top managers agreed about the deal with unanimity. Consequence of this deal is big loss in 2008 of around 30 billion pounds instead of assumed profit. The change associated with acquisition of ABN Amro was a representation of Ansoffs (1987) market development strategy. RBS attempted to expand into the US market geographically and in addition the company attempted to profit from dealing with US mortgage backed securities. However, the failure of the strategy caused the banks to suffer losses and request the help from the government which acquired the shares of the business. The process of nationalisation of the RBS began with basic rescue program. In October 2008, RBS started new strategic program in order to increase capital. One of the solutions was to offer ordinary shares at a price of 65.5 pence per share. The offer consisted shares for 15 billion pounds. HM Treasury has got around 12% for 5 billion pounds and later on around 57.9% of shares were acquired by the Government. Decisions that were made by RBS and Government were directed to the achievement of more stable bank position and additional resources for strength and further capital enlargement. Government and the bank deny that there was a strategy of total nationalisation and when financial position of RBS will be stable, it will again be under private ownership (Webster, 2008). It can be argued that this nationalization is an example of emergent change rather than planned strategy (Whittington, 1993). Emergency was caused by the high dependency of the bank on the inflow of cash for sustaining its operations. Whittington (1993) proposed four basic approaches to strategy. These can be classified as classical, systematic, evolutionary and processual. Classical approach suggests that the companys strategy would be to maximize profit. Evolutionary approach suggests that the environment will select the strongest businesses. The systematic approach suggests that social environment will determine business strategy. The change in RBS is processual because it implies that the company consists of different stakeholders who have their own interests and ambitions. The goal of the management is to satisfy the interest of each stakeholder. If RBS was not nationalized and this changed was not made, the society, employees and even shareholders would suffer negative effects. However, it can be argued that the nationalization might have hurt shareholders even more because the value of their equity has gone down as the share price plummeted. PEST Analysis of RBS The change in the organization connected with the process of nationalization can be reflected in the PEST analysis of the company: Political Factors The Ownership of the bank is changed in favour of the UK government; Bail out was done out of the UK government budget; Support of the government will have positive effects on financial matters; Governments support will cause managers to act in the interests of the government rather than shareholders. Economic Factors Interest rates declined; so demand for lending can rise; Financial Crisis in the UK and the world may further deteriorate performance of the banks and additional capital may be required from the government. Social Factors The change in the bank is also connected with restructuring of the company and lay offs; Rising unemployment is a negative consequence of business failures such as RBS. Technological Factors Technologies are constantly improving and this facilitates the banking business of RBS because some costs are being reduced and the work is being optimised; However, since the ownership of the company changed from shareholders to the government, management will be rather interested in meeting the objectives of the government rather than optimising the work with new technologies. Conclusion Royal Bank of Scotland is now almost entirely owned by British government around 70%. Today, RBS is among first banks to enter new program named asset protection plan. In 2009 RBS had suffered of worst loss of about 24.1 billion pounds and adopted plan of survival. Some analysts point that as the RBS is not fully nationalised it can still face the risks and fail to satisfy investors expectations. As resent investors rate increased with great returns there is number of requests to have RBS fully nationalised (Werdigier, 2009). It is hard to judge whether RBS could have avoid nationalisation in the situation when it is hard to turn back and see other choices. However, there were some managerial mistakes that could have been avoided. Poor change management was not ready to face difficulties and get over them. Besides the acquisition of the ABN Amro that was already discussed, there was another managerial mistake of continuing dividend increase after the change in earnings that were decreasing. Trying to attract new investors with high dividends and please current shareholders, management put the business under risk of failure. After the ABN Amro deal, this, along with unhealthy assets that were not sold in time had lead RBS to the final step of nationalisation. Being attractive for investors and shareholders for a short time period RBS created consequences where investors of the company became most affected by nationalisation. Prior to the crisis RBS was a profitable company with attractive position. Later on there was a decrease of the UK shares market and dramatic drop in RBS share prices. Overall at the point that RBS entered in 2008, nationalisation seems to be the last chance of survival. It can give some extra time to make new strategic plan and to recover from the financial instability. There is still a chance for RBS in the future to become profitable, independent and private company. References Altman, R.C. (2009) The Great Crash, 2008 , Foreign Affairs, January/February [Online]. Available at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63714/roger-c-altman/the-great-crash-2008# [Accessed 27 October 2009]. Ansoff, I. (1987) Strategic Management, New York: Wiley Backhaus, J.G., Wagner, R.E. (2004) Handbook of public finance, Birkhà ¤user, pp. 554. Beardshaw, J., Ross, A. (2001) Economics: a students guide, Pearson Education, pp.740. Bradley, J. (2009) ‘RBS tipped for  £1.5bn Profit a Year After Crash, The Scotsman, July 19, [Online]. Available at http://business.scotsman.com/business/RBS-tipped-for-15bn-profit.5473605.jp [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Cuthbert, N., Dobbins, R. (1980) ‘Managerial Participation by Pension Funds and Other Financial Institutions, Managerial Finance, Vol.6, 3: 43-48. Encyclopedia Britannica (2009) ‘Nationalization, [Online]. Available at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405796/nationalization [Accessed 28 October 2009]. Financial Ranks (2008) ‘Worlds Largest Banks 2008 Update, [Online]. Available at http://financialranks.com/?p=69 [Accessed 27 October 2009]. Floud, R., McCloskey, D.N. (1994) The Economic History of Britain since 1700 3 volume set, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp.400. Frei, E. (2009) ‘RBS leads 100, London banking sector lower, Finance Markets, September 21, [Online]. Available at http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/09/21/rbs-leads-100-london-banking-sector-lower/ [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Global Crisis News (2009) ‘Royal Bank of Scotland to cut 9000 Jobs, April 7, [Online]. Available at http://www.globalcrisisnews.com/europe/royal-bank-of-scotland-to-cut-9000-jobs/id=775/ [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Hester, S. (2009) ‘Group Chief Executives Review, RBS Annual Report and Accounts 2008, [Online]. Available at http://www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2008/gce_review/index.html [Accessed 27 October 2009]. House of Commons Treasury Committee (2008) ‘Banking Crisis: Dealing With the Failure of the UK Banks, 7th report of session 2008-2009, April 21, [Online]. Available at http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmtreasy/416/416.pdf [Accessed 27 October 2009]. Lee, Kam-Hon (2007) ‘Chinese Banking in Asias Market Economies, Marketing Panoramic Review, Vol. 2: 24-26. Montia, G. (2009) ‘RBS to sell asset management business, September 28, [Online]. Available at http://www.bankingtimes.co.uk/28092009-rbs-to-sell-asset-management-business/ [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Murchie, K. (2009) ‘RBS boss fears ‘lost decade, Finance Markets, September 13, [Online]. Available http://www.financemarkets.co.uk/2009/09/13/rbs-boss-fears-%e2%80%98lost-decade%e2%80%99/ [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Rayner, G. (2008) Financial crisis: Stock markets across world fall amid emergency bank rescues, The Telegraph, 08 October, [Online]. Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financetopics/financialcrisis/3160869/Financial-crisis-Stock-markets-across-world-fall-amid-emergency-bank-rescues.html [Accessed 27 October 2009]. RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2005) [Online]. Available at http://www.shareholder.com/visitors/dynamicdoc/document.cfm?CompanyID=RBSdocumentID=1108PIN=209446200resizeThree=noScale=100Keyword=type%20keyword%20herePage=6 [Accessed 27 October 2009]. RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2006) [Online]. Available at http://www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2006/default.asp [Accessed 27 October 2009]. RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2007) [Online]. Available at http://www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2007/index.asp [Accessed 27 October 2009]. RBS Annual Report and Accounts (2008) [Online]. Available at http://www.rbs.com/microsites/gra2008/index.html [Accessed 27 October 2009]. Richardson, M. (2009) ‘The Case For and Against Bank Nationalization, VOX, [Online]. Available at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3143 [Accessed 28 October 2009]. The Telegraph (2009) ‘RBS expects bad loans to mount in 2009, May 8, [Online]. Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/5294644/RBS-expects-bad-loans-to-mount-in-2009.html [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Tomasic, R. (2008) ‘The Rescue of Northern Rock: Nationalization in the Shadow of Insolvency, Corporate Rescue and Insolvency, Vol. 1, 4: 109-111. Varma, J.R. (2009) ‘Risk Management Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis for Derivative Changes, Indian Institute of Management working paper, February, pp. 2-26. Webster, P. (2008) ‘Royal Bank of Scotland under State Control, The Times, October, 13, [Online]. Available at http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article4932250.ece [Accessed 29 October 2009]. Werdigier, J.(2009) ‘Record Loss at Royal Bank of Scotland, The New York Times, February 26, [Online]. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/business/worldbusiness/27rbos.html?_r=1 [Accessed 27 October 2009]. Woods, M., Humphrey, C., Dowd, K., Liu, Y. (2009) ‘Crunch Time For Bank Audits? Questions of Practice and the Scope for Dialogue, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 24, 2: 114-134.

Terri Schiavo A Case Study Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay

Terri Schiavo A Case Study Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Euthanasia is a life-terminating process with means to end pain and suffering. However, sometimes the way euthanasia is performed can be painful in itself. Terri Schiavos case was a very high-profile one for many reasons, one of them being because of this particular issue. She was 26 years old when she collapsed in her home in Florida in 1990 from what seemed to be lack of oxygen. She was in a coma for two and half months before entering a vegetative state. What came after would prolong into a 15-year dispute between Schiavos husband and her family in trying to figure out what would be the most ethical thing to do. After Terri Schiavo entered the vegetative state, there were two different paths she could have continued onto. The first being death through euthanasia, while the second being living life and surviving with constant assistance and through artificial means. According to Diana Lynne in her article at http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=29516, however, the path to euthanasia was absolutely unnecessary. Schiavo was not drooling, which meant she was able to control her saliva and therefore would not need feeding tubes. She was not in a PVS, or a persistent vegetative state, because she very well recognized her environment and was able to interact with it. Nurses reportedly could distinguish her words through her difficulty to speak as she would say help me and Mommy. Herein laid the biggest argument- would Terri want to live a life like this? Her husband, Michael Schiavo, reported that Terri had stated herself that she would never want to live her life as a vegetable and would rather have someone put a stop to her suffering. There was, however, no written proof, or any at all for that matter, of this claim. Terris parents insisted that she would not want to be euthanized due to her religion-they said she was a devout Roman Catholic and was very religious. There was no evidence to support this claim either. Michael Schiavos intentions for Terri had been questioned since he lost all hope in her survival in 1992. His intentions were also suspicious because he had claimed that her reason for collapsing that night was due to her bulimic eating disorder-an issue that no one as aware she was dealing with. Another suspicious piece of evidence from the case was the fact that Terri had neck injuries when she was brought to the hospital that night she collapsed; her parents, the Schindlers, believe that Michael tried to strangle her that night. The first time he petitioned for Terris food tube to be removed in 1998, Michael Schiavo was already engaged to another woman whom he had had two children with. He was still married to Terri and was legally her guardian. The court ruled in favor of Michael Schiavo and decided to remove Terris feeding tube in April of 2001. Three days later the feeding tube was put back in due to appeals made by the Schindlers which led to a hold in his case. There was videotaped evidence that Terri Schiavo was indeed responding to her familys interactions and was not brain-dead or vegetative. Unfortunately, Michael Schiavos consistent efforts finally came through. On March 13th of 2005, the feeding tube was removed from Terri Schiavo. This would lead to her death on March 31st, 2005 from dehydration and starvation. For 18 days Terri was parched and starving, and this is how she was killed. I believe that Terri Schiavo was killed in a harmful, thoughtless act and there a quite a few moral theories present in ethics that can support this. In Immanuel Kants ethical theory, the categorical imperative states that we should not use people as a means to an end. Killing a person to put a stop to their suffering through euthanasia would be using them to another end. Also, Kant believed that what seems to be an act out of kindness could lead to a bad thing; Kant was not interested in acting through compassion but rather what were the right thing and the best thing to do for the best possible outcome. Kant also believed that the value of a human being was above all price. He was extremely against suicide because of this belief of the human life and its worth. Especially in this case, in which Terri Schiavo was not brain-dead and could rationalize and think, I believe Kant would agree with allowing her to continue her live and not euthanize her. John Stuart Mill would state that euthanasia was just because he believed that as long as no other being is hurt, a person can do anything he or she pleases. However, I would interpret this utilitarianistic view as one that could go against euthanasia. I believe that the death of any being can and will hurt another. The death of Terri Schiavo devastated her family and friends. Through her starvation and dehydration, her closest loved ones were also in pain because of what she had to go through. Another moral theory that would go against euthanasia is the natural law. This ethical theory states that the end never justifies the means. This theory is evidently against euthanasia because it clearly insinuates that doing evil is not justified simply because the outcome will be good, even if the intentions mean well. This theory would suggest that killing an innocent person is never morally right to do because the main intention of this natural law is to protect and preserve the innocent. Natural law also insists that God gave life and it is up to him whether or not it is a persons time for that life to end or not and he will take that life away when he pleases; natural law very much believes in the sanctity of life. The natural law theory is very much closely related to Christian ethics which would also be against euthanasia for many of the same reasons. This portion of ethics believes that humans do not have any right to take away life because it is up to God because he gave us life. It believes that euthanasia is murder and we are not to kill. Life is sacred and is meant to be lived until the persons natural death and is therefore taken away naturally by God. In terms of what is just, I do not believe Polemarchus would agree with the removal of Terri Schiavos feeding tube or any other incident involving euthanasia for that matter because of his belief of tit for tat. This belief of justice will overlook an act of evil if this kind of act was already done to that person committing it. This belief is also known as an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. People in vegetative states in situations where they may be euthanized should not be if they are innocent people. Terri Schiavos case involved an involuntary euthanasia which means the person is not in a position to ask whether or not they want to die; the method of euthanasia in her case was passive, although the clear intention was for Terri to die. There are two other types of euthanasia: voluntary and nonvoluntary. In a voluntary case, the person asks to die and in a nonvoluntary case, the person does not want to die. The two types of methods in which euthanasia is performed are either passive or active. A passive method of euthanasia involves the cutting off of a treatment that the patient is on for a natural type of death while an active method of euthanasia is the opposite in which something is added in order to specifically end the patients life. This was the wrong thing to do especially because it was involuntary and it was therefore not certain that Terri Schiavo wished to die. It is reported that Terri Schiavo did not feel any pain during her 18 years in the hospital and because of th is, any argument supporting euthanasia using Terri Schiavo as an example is not reasonable. In any case, however, I believe that there is no such thing as a life not worth living. Its evident that every person would like to die with dignity and likely does not want to spend the last years of their life in a hospital but even though it is rare, it is possible to come out of a vegetative state. Also, according to all the philosophers and moral theories mentioned above, life is too sacred to not live, no matter what the circumstances

The Mafia: Wealth and Politics in the 1920 Essay -- Essays Papers

The Mafia: Wealth and Politics in the 1920 MAFIA - "a secret association having for its object the illicit control of any enterprise, legitimate or illegitimate, which it decides to infiltrate" (Allen 6). The decade of the 1920s was full of deception, corruption, and degeneration. The very embodiment of these qualities was the institution of the Italian-American Mafia. The syndicate began in Sicily and spread to encompass United States politics and the national economy. The post war era left the nation in a recession and vulnerable to organized crime. Changes in the country's attitudes and outlooks on the future paved the way for organized crime on a large scale. People were too preoccupied with bootleg booze, sexual promiscuity, and get-rich-quick schemes to notice the downward spiral of the government's respectability and integrity. The decadence of the decade and the feel good mentality of America's youth provided opportunities the industrious underworld leaders sought in order to gain control of the syndicate. The Mafia supplied America with the vices it longed for and in return America let the Mafia get away with murder. Not only did the syndicate accumulate power but a lso profited financially through prostitution, gambling, and bootlegging. These activities were the foundations of the Outfit's financial and political empires. Mafia power soon began to eclipse the authority of the law enforcement agencies, and the struggle between responsibility and autonomy began. Governmental corruption was a standard practice in the 1920s. In reference to a question on the underworld's power Don Calo, a Mafia chief replied, â€Å"†¦ between the law and the Mafia, the former is not the most to be feared† (... ...h (Allen 14). Many informants are willing to testify to a specific incident but not to the entirety. Their fear of retribution from the Outfit is much greater than their fear of the government. Even today, the only thing known with any degree of certainty is that the influence of the Mafia did not end with the 1920s. Works Cited - Allen, Edward J. Merchants of Menace-The Mafia: A Study of Organized Crime Springfield, Ill: Thomas, 1962. - Bequai, August. Organized Crime Washington: Library of Congress, 1979. - â€Å"Charles ‘Lucky’ Luciano.† http://www.well.com/user/mod79/gangsters/luciano.html (3-25-98). - â€Å"Contempt of Court.† Alphonse Capone, aka. Al, Scarface. http://www.fbi.gov/famcases/capone.htm (3-27-98). - Gardiner, John A. The Politics of Corruption New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970.

AIDS/HIV Research :: essays research papers

This study used content analysis to identify dominant AIDS-HIV themes in the manifest news content of AP, Reuters, AFP, ITAR-TASS, and IPS. A systematic random sample of AIDS-HIV stories disseminated by the five wire services between May 1991 and May 1997 (both months included) was obtained. This decade was selected because several empirical studies of coverage in the 1980s have been conducted; however, few studies examine the 1990s. The decision to examine the print news media was driven by the nature of the issue being explored. Previous research indicated (Nelkin, 1991; Stroman & Seltzer, 1989) that when it comes to complex and ambiguous issues (e.g., AIDS-HIV), print news provides more in-depth information than broadcast news. News consumers tend to consult print news for the details, whereas broadcast news provides the broad strokes. For instance, the Princeton Survey Research Associates (1996) study of AIDS coverage by the U.S. media found that the print media accorded more analytical coverage when compared to broadcast offerings. Full texts of all the stories in the sample were downloaded from the online LEXIS-NEXIS news and information database service.(n7) With a random starting point, every fifth story in the universe was selected to obtain a 20% sample. The story was the unit of analysis. The sample comprised a total of 635 stories. Following is the breakdown of these stories according to wire services: Reuters = 287, AFP = 155, AP = 78, ITAR-TASS = 34, and IPS = 81 (N = 635). Detailed coding categories were developed. The Princeton Survey Research Associates (1996) content analysis of AIDS-HIV coverage by the U.S. news media guided the formation of some of the categories. The world region category was guided by the Mayo and Pasadeos (1991) study of the international focus of U.S. business magazines. Following are the main categories that were used to code each story. Detailed operational definitions were developed for each category. Straightforward categories such as date, length of story, wire, and so forth are not included: 1. Dateline-world region: The choices available were: North America (United States and Canada), Central America and the Caribbean, Latin America, Western Europe (including Turkey and Greece), Eastern Europe, Russia and former Soviet republics, China, the Middle East, North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa (including South Africa), developing Asia (mostly South and some Southeast Asia), developed Asia (mostly East and Southeast Asia), Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific Islands), global, the United Nations and other similar global organizations, and other/none.

Assessment Task – Mu 5.2

MU5. 2 Paper on children and young people’s development at local conference Task one The sequence and rate of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth to 19 years. Children’s do not develop at the same rate as each another . Every child has different rate of Development Areas of development: These are the main areas of development 1. Physical development 2. Social development 3. Intellectual development 4. Language development As there will be difference of children progress at the same rate . The below is the guide on how they might develop for the following age’s ranges Age 0 to 3 years 1. Physical development: Babies turn their head towards sounds and movement’s . They like to watch the face of adult at feeding time. They start sitting with support and gradually sit alone . They raise their hand and aspect to be lifted. They try to walk, then will be able to run and use a bicycle. They will try to hold pencil and try to write use the toilet alone. 2. Social development: At the initial months they will recognize mother face and voice they enjoy playing with others and game ticks like peak-boo. They will please adult and perform for the audience. They develop sense of identity. Some want to do themselves. 3. Intellectual development: They begin to realise others are separate beings from themselves. They imitate others and try out ways of behaving in play. They will become more confident but still they need adult support. They will know who their main carers are and cry if they are left with someone they do not know and they begin to understand the world around them. 4. Language development: Initially they make variety of happy sounds. As they grow they will make four to five different sounds and turn their head towards sources of sounds. Then they improve from using single words to complex words. By two they will use 30 to 150 words. After that they put words together into sentence. Ages 3 to 7 years 1. Physical development: They try to walk on tiptoe, walk up and down stairs. They jump with feet together. They will hop. As they grow they will ride bicycle. They climb confidently. They write and will undo buttons and thread beads. 2. Social development: At this age they become more confident and self motivated. They sometimes play co-operatively with other children and will enjoy copying and helping adults 3. Intellectual development, During this stage, children's thought processes are developing, although they are still considered to be far from ‘logical thought', in the adult sense of the word. The vocabulary of a child is also expanded and developed during this stage, as they change from babies and toddlers into ‘little people'. worry about not being liked. Start to understand rules be frightened of things like ghosts. 4. Language Development children will start to talk clearly so anyone can understand them by their 7th birthday they can tell jokes and enjoy conversations. Ages 7 to 13 years 1. Physical Development The children can throw, kick and control a ball, hop and ride a bicycle, use their hands to thread, use scissors well, build models and write clearly by their 12th birthday and use good co-ordination skills. 2. Social Development The children will have a best friend and will worry about not being liked. They will also start to understand rules, start to argue with their parents. They will seem very grown up but also very childish at times. 3. Intellectual development:†During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and ‘adult like', or more ‘operational', Although this process most often continues well into the teenage years. Belief in animism and ego centric thought tends to decline during the Concrete Operational stage, although, remnants of this way of thinking are often found in adults. solve problems enjoy responsibility 4. Language Development The children will tell you what they are good at Ages 13 to 19 years . Physical development Have an adult body,have high level of skills in some areas, for example drawing or computing 2. Social Development, Enjoy their friends’ company more than that of their family have mood swings feel very anxious at times. 3. intellectual development They will develop their own identity, tastes in music, clothes â€Å"This permits adolescents to reason beyond a world of concrete reality to a world of possibilities and to operate logically on symbols and information that do not necessarily refer to objects and events in the real world. Adolescents can focus on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without making refence to real-world circumstances. In contrast, concrete operational children can evaluate the logic of statements by considering them against concrete evidence only. 4. language development, The difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the distinction is important the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why is the distinction is important is that the speed at which the development happens in an individual child is important because speed does ot necessarily have to do with the sequence also it's important to recognize the difference so you can identify where children need help. The important thing to remember is that all children develop at different rates and may be earlier in achieving some aspects of development and later in others. Why children and young peoples development may not follow the pattern normally expecte d. The following reasons can affect children and young peoples development patters Finances Amount of money available for food, education, holidays. Families who are poor may have enough money for food, for some clothes and for heating, but poverty means that there is little money for interesting purchases and exciting lifestyles. Families who depend on benefits have limited life choices. Health status Long term illness, acute illness e. g. meningitis . Health can be affected by low income and a range of socio-economic factors such as access to good-quality health services and shops selling good-quality food at affordable prices. Environment There can be disadvantages to living in poor-quality or high-density housing. These can include noise, pollution, overcrowding, poor access to shops and other facilities, and stress from petty crime. When people are on a low income, household maintenance can become a problem. Poorly maintained housing can create health problems. Cultural background expectations of different groups Genetics Effect of inheritance, e. g. height, skills Social class Impact of long term poverty, attitudes to educational development, poor neighborhoods Gender Different rates of growth for girls and boys Family background Different expectations for development, love and support. Family unit eg uclear family single parent family. Expectations of a child can cause stress in a young child which can affect their development. Task two Children and young peoples development can be influenced by a range of personal factors such as †¢Illness – a childs development may be influenced if they have been suffering from an illness that has caused a delay in them reaching their mile sto nes †¢Child has moved home- if a child has moved home they may feel powerless, alone, fearful, angry and afraid to ask for help, or share their feelings, for fear of worrying the adults in their lives even more. Parents have separated, divorced the child can feel confused, unloved and afraid worrying about their parents. †¢Family situation, a parent / sibling may have a serious illness, or family member passed away can make a child have a feeling of not belonging. †¢Family members working long hours unable to give a child love, care and attention. †¢Child may have changed setting or use different child care facilities. †¢Speech and hearing can delay a child in them not being able to communicate their feelings effectively. †¢Social and Emotional wellbeing. Children and young people’s development can be influenced by a range of external factors such as †¢Language- a child who does not speak the native language. †¢Where they live. †¢Isolation- the child may have lived in isolation which has affected their gross motorskills and their language through not socialising with people. Theories of development and frameworks support development that influence current practice by Children have an ability to learn and this should be fostered by the environment around them and the experiences they have. The way in which children learn is therefore important to practioners. It forms a basis for their work. Understanding how children learn and how to support this learning requires knowledge of child development, which in turn can be used to implement the curriculum. Task 3 †¢The importance of early identification of development delay Early intervention can have a significant impact on a child’s ability to learn new skills as well as reduce the need for interventions over time. †¢The Potential risks of late recognition of development delay As the child gets older and begins school without early intervention, the abilities to keep with the learning requirements over time will be difficult for the child. †¢Multi agency teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people. Multiagency brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions within the workforce to provide integrated support to children and their families. It makes services more effective and beneficial to children and families by having a wider range of professionals expertise is available to help children and their families. These professionals are able to share information and ideas so a specific child is more likely to get the help and support they need. Integrated setting fosters a reflective, creative and problem solving approach to traditional barriers to working together in a holistic way. Integrated settings seek to build practitioners’ confidence to enable them to contribute to the developing higher status of those working in early years and childcare and empowers practitioners to facilitate change in local practice. How can play and leisure activities be used to support all access of development of children and young children; 1. Areas, resources and materials for different kinds of play reflect the cultural, diversity gender and abilities of children. 2. An environment is set up in a way that is safe, non threatening challenging and stimulating. 3. Sufficient time is given so that children individual interests and needs are identified and supported by the provision of activities or mater ials along with a wide range of materials to allow children choice in their play, for both group or individual play. . Children’s efforts are encouraged and acknowledged and praised children are encouraged to participate in a variety or experiences and to choose activities which support their development. If a child chooses not to participate it is respected. Task 4 Explain how different types of transitions can affect children and young people’s development. Children face transitions with a variety of experience, some positive some negative. They will nearly always be anxious. Faced with some unexpected transitions, like divorce or death, they may feel rejected or guilty, angry or unbearably sad. Awareness of their experience and what might be going through their little heads and giving a sensitive response should help bring them through so that transition leads to a stronger, more confident and rounded individuals. Examples of transitions are †¢birth †¢from milk to solids †¢from crawling to walking †¢from being fed to feeding ourselves †¢from nappies to being trained †¢becoming self aware †¢able to be cared for by others †¢going to nursery †¢going to school †¢developing new skills. Other transitions that some of the children in your care may experience are: †¢a new baby violence/abuse †¢parents divorcing/step parent/new partner †¢a serious illness/accident/death in the family †¢unexpected change of school †¢moving house. It is these early transitions, and how we cope with them that will have the greatest effect on the rest of our emotional development, and on our ability to cope with life’s cha llenges. Experience of transitions All of these transitions present a child with challenges. The child doesn’t usually have to go through the transitions on his own, he will be supported by those around him at home or in nursery, or in education. However, the experience of going through the transition will depend on the kind of response and support he gets from those around him. A child’s early experiences of transitions will have a big effect on how he handles transitions at later stages of his life If we respond warmly, firmly and consistently, even when a child has made a mistake, the child will come through the transition with positive rewards; feeling she belongs, feeling more confident, deepening a trusting relationship with important people around her. With unexpected transitions, such as divorce or moving house, there is even more pressure on the adults to get the supporting response right. Much damage can be done to a child if their feelings are not responded to when some serious change is taking place. Each transition provides the child with a new challenge. He already has a body of experience that now informs his view of the world. This is his mind-set. He uses this to assess the new challenge Children who have been badly treated are often have fear, anxiety or, more sadly, are more subdued and defensive. Mind-sets become almost instinctive and are often associated with strong emotions. A child’s early life experience should be filled with warm, happy and secure emotions because the brain will hardwire these feelings into the mind-set and help the child approach new transitions with confidence, even though it might mean letting go of some familiar rules and trusting new ones. Creating this trust through a transition is the work of the responsible adults round him. This is a particular challenge when the child is older because there is more hard wiring in the brain and mind-sets are getting more established even in the three and four year old Explain the importance of children and young people having positive relationships through periods of transition. If we respond warmly, firmly and consistently, even when a child has made a mistake, the child will come through the transition with positive rewards; feeling she/he belongs, feeling more confident, deepening a trusting relationship with important people around them. With unexpected transitions, such as divorce or moving house, there is even more pressure on the adults to get the supporting response right. Much damage can be done to a child if heir feelings are not responded to when some serious change is taking place. Each transition provides the child with a new challenge. She/ He already has a body of experience that now informs their view of the world. This is their mind-set. They use this to assess the new challenge. It is imperative that the adults in a child’s life respond in a positive manner to build a child’s confidence and self esteem which in turn will help a child to deal with transitions. 1. Effectiveness of positive relationships on children and young people’s development. 1. When a child feels safe secure and wanted through positive relationships they will have the confidence to try new things and have the mind set to deal with the many transitions that they will face whilst they are growing up and have the courage to try to new things which will help with their development. Task 5 Explain different methods of assessing, recording and monitoring children and young peoples development. Summative assessments done over a long period and makes statements about the child’s achievements at a particular point in time so that their progress can be tracked. EYFS Profile is the summative assessment completed by practitioners at the end of the EYFS. It summarises children’s progress towards the early learning goals. Examples of observations are Formative assessment is the type of assessment is type of assessment done every day when you observe children noting their interests and abilities. These assessments are based on observations, photographs, video, things children have made or drawn and information from parents. It informs or guides everyday planning. Observations Practioners observe children by watching what they are doing and how they are behaving †¢Seeing what they can do and what they are achieving †¢Noticing their reactions to new situations and opportunities and what particularly interests each child. †¢Being alert to any changes in their behavior, identify any unexpected changes in behavior or certain patterns and including the possibility of abuse †¢Recognizing when they move on to new skills Time s ampling Observing a child you have chosen for pre planned periods throughout the day. This method helps a practioner to get to know a child’s interests and is also a useful method should their be some concern about the child eg interacting with other children. Event sampling Observing a child at regular intervals of particular events or behavior. This method is useful for monitoring behavior. Structured Observation Setting up an organized situation to enable you observe how a child is progressing with a particular skill. Participative observation Observation carried out when you and the child are engaged in an activity together. this method enables you to check on what activities you share with the children show about what they are able to do and achieve, what they are ready to move on to and what they are interested in. Target child observation This observation is used to find out whether children are getting worthwhile experiences in a group if they are being challenged. Explain how and in what circumstances different methods are used for assessing recording and monitoring children and young peoples development in the work setting Explain how different types of interventions can promote outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the pattern normally expected. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the child’s needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a child’s development . A psychiatrists is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room. Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Evaluate the importance of accurate documentation regarding the development of children and young people.